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High-Speed Gated Image Intensifier Unit

E-mail contact

+886-2-8772-8910

Captures "instantaneous image" of high-speed phenomena

High-speed gated image intensifier units (hereafter gated I.I. units) are able to capture an "instantaneous image" of high-speed phenomena oc- curring within extremely short time durations by means of "gate operation (shutter operation)". Gate operation is basically the same function as a camera shutter, but gated I.I. units perform this operation electronically in a minimum gate time of 1/300 000 000th of a second. Another feature is that background light and excitation light outside the measurement time can be eliminated by synchronizing the gate opera- tion with a laser pulse or other signal.
 

Observes faint low level light !

Gated I.I. units have an internal image enhancement function that al- lows visualizing low-level light images invisible to the human eye. As the gate time becomes faster, less light is available so this image enhancement function is essential for gate operation. Image enhancement is achieved by the built-in MCP (microchannel plate) which is available in 1-stage and 2-stage types to meet application needs.
 

Views images in the UV or infrared regions

Image intensifiers used in gated I.I. units cover a wide spectral range to allow imaging at desired wavelengths over a broad range from the UV to infrared.
 

Gated I.I. unit features

● Allows using your camera and lenses without adapters (See next page for details.)
-Upgrades your present camera system to a high-sensitivity, high- speed shutter camera.
-Attaches to other camera systems
-Wide selection of relay lenses for readout cameras (See pages 10 to 13.)

● Wide selection variation of built-in image intensifiers (I.I.)
Image intensifier Spectral Response Characteristics


 
Applications

● Engine combustion state analysis
● Monitoring of kinetic changes in plasma emissions
● Imaging of turbine blades
● Imaging of exploding events
● Imaging of gaseous and liquid bodies moving at high speed
● Imaging of objects moving at high speed
● Imaging of fluorescence lifetime
● Low-light-level bioluminescence/ chemiluminescence imaging
 




Internal structure

HIGH-SPEED GATED IMAGE
INTENSIFIER UNIT (all in one type)


A proximity focused image intensifier, high-voltage power supply and gate driver circuit are integrated into a compact unit. A CCD camera with an FOP window, a CCD camera, a high-speed camera, or a similar device may be selected as the camera.

HIGH-SPEED GATED IMAGE INTENSIFIER UNIT FOR HIGH-SPEED CAMERA


This is a gated image intensifier unit that contains a proximity focused image intensifier and an inverter type image intensifier which are optically connected to output images with high brightness. This unit is therefore recommended for use with a high-speed camera for reading out images at a high frame rate.
 


Proximity focused image intensifier


A proximity focused image intensifier is an image device that is capable of enhancing a low-light-level image from several thousands to several millions of times. The optical image input to the image intensifier is converted to photoelectrons at the photocathode. The photoelectrons are drawn by an electrical field and enter a microchannel plate (MCP) where they repeatedly impinge on the inner wall more than ten times. Each time an electron impinge on the wall, secondary electrons are released, so that the total number of electrons is multiplied several thousands of times. The electrons then strike the phosphor screen and are converted back into an optical image. With a 2-stage MCP type, optical images can be enhanced several millions of times.
 


Gate operation

The light incident on the photocathode is converted to photoelectrons which are guided to the phosphor screen by an electric potential gradient. Gating is done by instantly changing the electric potential of the electrodes in the image intensifier.

Gating with the proximity focused image intensifier

This is done by changing the electric potential between the photocathode and the MCP.
● If the MCP potential is higher than the photocathode potential: Gate is ON

The photoelectron image converted by the photocathode is pulled to the MCP at a high electric potential. After multiplication in the MCP, the electron image is than guided to the output phosphor screen where it is output as an optical image.

● If the MCP potential is lower than the photocathode potential: Gate is OFF

The photoelectron converted by the photocathode are not reached to the MCP due to the reverse potential for electron transit direction. The optical image , be seen at this operating status.

 


Use the following guidelines to select a high-speed gated image intensifier unit having features and specifications ideal for your measurements. The six items listed below are very important for selecting the right product. Select the product you need by using a combination of these six items.
 

Item Description Selection Method
Image Intensifier (I.I.) Photocathode sensitivity The higher the quantum efficiency (conversion efficien- cy from input light into photoelectrons), the smaller the flicker that appears in the obtained image. It is important to select the photocathode with spectral response that matches the emission wavelengths to be measured.

What is the spectral range to be detected.

-UV to near IR range Use a multialkali photocathode.

-Near IR range Use a GaAs photocathode.

-Visible range Use a GaAsP photocathode

Stage of MCPs This is the factor which determines the image intensifi- cation level and the resulting detection limit. With ordi- nary CCD cameras, the limit for imaging is around 0.1 lux. The intensifier unit may have either a 1-stage or a 2-stage MCP. With the 1-stage MCP type, the image is enhanced around 10,000 times, enabling images to be captured at low-light-levels of 1  10-5 lux. With the 2- stage MCP type, images are enhanced approximately one million times, and can be captured at even lower light levels of 1  10-7 lux. The 2-stage MCP type offers sensitivity that enables detection at single-photon level. The light levels noted above are for a gate time of 1 second. The relative quantity of light decreases as the gate time shortens, so it is necessary to increase the quantity of incident light. ●Single molecule fluorescence imaging .... 2-MCP type

When monitoring candlelight:
●Gate time: less than 1 ..... 2-MCP type more than 5 ... 1-MCP type

The above numeric values are general guides, and are affected by conditions such as the light level, gate time, image intensification (gain), lens, imaging device, and other factors. Please consult Hamamatsu regarding details.
Effective output size This is the factor which determines the resolution. The size of the effective input surface is determined by the desired resolution* of the output image and the size of the incident image. The image resolution de- grades as the quantity of incident light decreases.  
Gate Gate time This is the time required to capture one image. “Instantaneous images” of phenomena occurring within this gate time can be captured. If the gate time is short- ened, images with little movement can still be captured, but there is less light, so that a darker image results. (A unit with a gate time appropriate for the measurement target should be selected.) Select the disired gate time according to the time period during which im- ages are to be captured.
Gate repetition frequency This is the number of gate operations in 1 second. This also depends on the repetition frequency of the object being meas- ured and the number of frames of the camera being used. Select the disired gate time according to the time period during which im- ages are to be captured.
Frame rate of readout camera This is the factor determining whether or not an image booster is required. As the camera frame rate is increased, the output light level only from the proximity focused image intensifier becomes too low to acquire images with enough brightness. An image booster is required in this case to obtain a higher output light level. Camera frame rate • 1000 frames/second or more: A booster is required. Select the C10880 series.

• 300 to 1000 frames/second: Use of a booster and the C10880 series is recommended.

To improve the resolution

The resolution of a gated I.I. unit depends on the surface area of the output phosphor screen, because the minimum luminous spot size on the phosphor screen is limited to 20 to 50 When resolution is the highest priority, we recommend using a 25 mm diameter type and connecting it to a high-resolution camera. This means that higher resolution can be obtained by using a larger phosphor screen and focusing the image onto the imaging device through an optical lens with a high reduction ratio.




Wide spectral response, High quantum efficiency (QE)

Enhanced photocathode sen- sitivity allows capturing high- quality images with minimum flicker. GaAsP photocathode is recommended for the visible range, and GaAs photocathode for the near infrared range.
Enhanced photocathode sensitivity allows capturing high- quality images with minimum flicker. GaAsP photocathode is recommended for the visible range, and GaAs photocathode for the near infrared range.
 


Short-time imaging (High-speed gate)

When changes in the event are occurring at an extremely fast rate, images can be captured in very short time units. This makes it possible to analyze high-speed phenomena in greater detail.
Imaging of repetitive events

This type allows gate operation at a maximum speed of 30 000 or 40 000 or 200 000 times per second. High-repetition gating can be used to match high-speed cameras, enabling improved time resolution for the measurement. Also, numerous integrations are possible in the same frame. This enables rapid measurement of samples which are vulnerable to deterioration.
 


Using 2-stage MCP type


The 2-stage MCP enables imaging bio- or chemiluminescence at extremely low light levels, or monitoring living things under dark conditions. The 2-stage MCP type offers image intensification (gain) approximately 100 times stronger than that of the 1-stage MCP type, enabling high-sensitivity detection.
 


●High-speed Gated Image Intensifier Units


Type No.
Photo- cathode

Spectral Response (nm)
Input / Output Area (mm) Phosphor Screen / Output Window Stage of MCPs
Luminous
Gain (lm/m2)/lx Typ.

EBI
Radiant (W/cm2) Typ.

Limiting
Resolution (Lp/mm) Typ.
Gate Time Maximum Repetition Frequency (kHz) PC
Control
Power Supply Operating Ambient Temperature / Humidity
Dimen- sions No.
C9016-01 GaAsP 280 to 720 17 ⑷ P43 / FOP 1 2.2x104 8.0 ´ 10-15 64 10 ms to 100 ms 0.2 USB USB ⑹
ro AC100 V to 240 V ⑺
0 °C to +40 °C
/
Less than 70 % (No  condensation)
C9016-02 2 5.0x106 40
C9016-03 Multialkali 185 to 900 1 1.2x104 3.0 ´ 10-14 64
C9016-04 2 5.0x106 32
C9016-05 GaAs 370 to 920 1 4.0x104 4.0 ´ 10-14 64
C9016-06 2 9.6x106 40
C9016-21 GaAsP 280 to 720 17 ⑷ P43 / FOP 1 2.2x104 8.0x10-15 64 20 ns to DC 2 USB AC100 V to 240 V ⑺
C9016-22 2 5.0x106 40
C9016-23 Multialkali 185 to 900 1 1.1x104 3.0x10-14 64
C9016-24 2 4.0x106 32
C9016-25 GaAs 370 to 920 1 4.0x104 4.0x10-14 64
C9016-26 2 9.6x106 40
C9546-01 GaAsP 280 to 720 17 ⑷ P43 / FOP 1 2.0x104 8.0x10-15 64 3 ns to DC 30 USB AC100 V to 240 V ⑺
C9546-02 2 3.0x106 40
C9546-03 Multialkali 185 to 900 1 1.0x104 3.0x10-14 64
C9546-04 2 2.4x106 32
C9546-05 GaAs 370 to 920 1 3.6x104 4.0x10-14 64
C9546-06 2 5.8x106 40
C9547-01 GaAsP 280 to 720 25 ⑸ P43 / FOP 1 1.8x104 8.0x10-15 50 5 ns to DC 30 USB AC100 V to 240 V ⑺
C9547-02 2 3.0x106 32
C9547-03 Multialkali 185 to 900 1 1.0x104 3.0x10-14 64 10 ns to DC
C9547-04 2 2.4x106 32
C9547-05 GaAs 370 to 920 1 3.0x104 4.0x10-14 50 5 ns to DC
C9547-06 2 5.3x106 32
C9548-01 GaAsP 280 to 720 25 ⑸ P46 / FOP 1 6.6x103 2.0x10-14 45 10 ns to 9.99 ms 200 RS-232C AC100 V to 240 V ⑺
C9548-02 2 1.5x106 32
C9548-03 Multialkali 185 to 900 1 3.3x103 3.0x10-14 57
C9548-04 2 1.0x106 28
C9548-05 GaAs 370 to 920 1 9.9x103 4.0x10-14 45
C9548-06 2 2.6x106 28



●High-speed Gated Image Intensifier Unit for High-speed Camera

Type No. (Input mount)
Photo- cathode

Spectral Response (nm)
Input / Output Area (mm) Phosphor Screen / Output Window Stage of MCPs
Luminous
Gain (lm/m2)/lx Typ.

EBI
Radiant (W/cm2) Typ.

Limiting
Resolution (Lp/mm) Typ.
Gate Time Maximum Repetition Frequency (kHz) PC
Control
Power Supply Operating Ambient Temperature / Humidity
Dimen- sions No.
C10880-03C
(C-Mount)
Multialkali 185 to 900 24 /
16
P46 + P46 /
Borosiricate glass
1 1.0x105 2x10-9 38 10 ns to 9.99 ms 200 RS-232C AC100 V to 240 V ⑺ 0 °C to +40 °C
/
Less than 70 % (No condensation)
C10880-03F
(F-Mount)

 

NOTE:
⑴  Please see spectral response characteristics on page 5
⑵  Other spectral response ranges area also available. Please consult our sales office.
⑶  Please see pages 8, 9, and 10.
⑷  Effective output area is 12.8 mm x 9.6 mm. Take the effective area of the camera and reduction rate of the relay lens to be used into account.
⑸  Effective output area is 16.0 mm x 16.0 mm. Take the effective area of the camera and reduction rate of the relay lens to be used into account.
⑹  Please use an attached AC adapter when short supply of power is worried.
⑺  AC adapter is supplied as an neccessory.
⑻  “Typ.” values are standard values for each unit. Please contact us for more detailed information.










 

Readout methods

Relay lens coupling

This makes it easy to replace the relay lens with one of a different magnification, or to attach the lens to a different camera. The transmission efficiency is not as high as that of fiber coupling, however, and the optics system as a whole is less compact.


Relay lens coupling

The output image from the gated I.I. unit is transferred directly to the CCD with a fiber coupling, for highly efficient readout. Higher efficiency means that the quantity of incident light can be suppressed, which in turn extends the lifetime of the image intensifier. In addition, a more compact optics system can be used. The only drawback to this construction is that the readout system is difficult to replace.
The C10054 series have internal fiber coupling.

Fiber Optic Plate (FOP)

The FOP is an optical device consisting of millions of glass fibers of 6 micrometers in diameter, bundled parallel to one another.
Since light is transmitted through each fiber, an image can be transferred from one end of the fiber to the other without any distorion. FOPs are widely used as optical devices that replace optical lens.


Readout device selection guide


 

Pulse Delay Generator C10149

The C10149 controls the gate (shutter) timing and sets the respective timing required to operate ICCD cameras and high-speed gated I.I. units. Up to 3 independent channels are available for pulse output. One channel can be output in burst mode. The C10149 connects to a PC (personal computer) through a USB port, so the PC is used to control, to set and to supply power to the C10149.
Specifications


Shutter Timing Chart (External Trigger Mode)


CCD cameras with fiber optic window C9018/-01/-04, C12550

The C9018 series CCD cameras have a restart / reset function and are designed to read out images from C9016 and C9546 series image intensifier units. Fiber coupling allows more highly efficient image readout than lens coupling.

Specifications


Dimensional outline (Unit: mm)


Digital camera ORCA-Flash4.0 V2

The ORCA-Flash4.0 V2 is a sophisticated camera using a CMOS image sensor designed for scientific measurement. Coupling this camera to a high-speed gated image intensifier unit of the C9016 series or C9546 series or C9547 series via a relay lens allows high-speed image readout with even higher sensitivity and resolution.

Features

● High quantum efficiency: 70 % or more (at 600 nm wavelength)
● Low noise: 1.3 electrons median (at 100 frames per second)
● High resolution: 4 million pixels (6.5 x 6.5 image format)
● High-speed readout: 100 frames per second
 

Connection example

The photo shows the C9546 series connected to the ORCA-Flash4.0 V2 digital camera via a relay lens adapter A9017, and relay lens A11669. The output surface of the image intensifier is projected onto the input surface of the digital camera with a reduction ratio of 2/3.

Effective imaging area

The effective imaging area of the C9016 and C9546 series when used with a relay lens A4539 is as follows:
(1) Image intensifier output surface (photocathode) size : 17 mm diameter
(2) Effective area of the ORCA-Flash4.0 V2 digital camera : 13.3 mm x 13.3 mm
(3) Effective photocathode area of the image intensifier : 13.5 mm x 10 mm


The product catalog for the ORCA-Flash4.0 V2 digital camera is available. Feel free to contact us or access our website to download it.

 

ICCD camera with high-speed shutter C10054 series

The C10054 series is a family of high sensitivity cameras that integrate a proximity type image intensifier with a CCD camera for readout, which are coupled by a fiber optic plate. The image intensifier operates with a high- speed electronic shutter to perform high-speed imaging.

Features

●Photocathode: GaAsP, GaAs, multialkali
●Shutter time: 5 ns to DC
●Maximum shutter repetition rate: 2 kHz
●Signal format: EIA, CCIR, full pixel readout

Internal block diagram

Dimensional outline (Unit: mm)

 

Connection example





Observation of Pulsed Light Propagation Through Optical Fiber

This is what pulsed laser light passing through an optical fiber looks like when observed with a high-speed gated image intensifier. This allows verifying the distance that the light pulse travels after emission per the gate time.
* Unsheathed optical fiber was used to observe light pulse from external side.
* Optical fiber refractive index: 1.5
 

Image examples: Laser pulsed light passing through optical fiber


Image at 3 ns gate time: Image shows light moved 60 cm.
Image at 100 ns gate time: Light has moved 20 m, so entire fiber is emitting light.



Imaging system configuration

Pulsed laser light is guided into the fiber optic cable wound around a glass pipe. A high-speed gated image intensifier is used to capture an image of pulsed light passing through to optical fiber optic. The image cap- tured with the gated image intensifier is then read out with a camera.
To control the gate time (shutter speed), pulsed light is split by a beamsplitting mirror into two paths. A PIN photodiode detects light on one path and generates a trigger signal for input to a pulse generator. This pulse generator provides a TTL signal output for the high-speed gated image intensifier power supply.



 

Observing Nuclear Fission in Filamentous Fungi

The image intensifier unit allows observing weak fluorescence emitted from cells. The images below show the process by which nuclear fission progresses in aspergillus oryzae stained with GFP. These images were viewed through a fluorescence microscope and confocal unit and were taken with an AP Imager Camera after being optically amplified by the C9016-01 image intensifier unit.
These images clearly show that the number of cells increased during nuclear division occurring in the up- ward direction on the images.
Using an image intensifier unit allows observing these cellular activities with minimum laser input power. This prevents damaging the cells under observation.
 

Imaging examples: Observing nuclear division in aspergillus oryzae


Imaging system setup

The cells under observation are irradiated with a laser beam and the resulting fluorescence then observed through a fluorescence microscope and confocal unit. After being amplified by the C9016-01 image intensifi- er unit, the fluorescence image is then read out by the high-resolution AP Imager Camera that produces almost no signal multiplication noise.


 

Monitoring of Soot Produced From Diesel Flame


The degree of soot clouds produced in a diesel flame was monitored using the laser sheet method and a gated I.I. unit. Using the gated I.I. unit, it was possible to measure faint scattered light at high sensitivity. Also, by using gating at a high repetition rate, it was possible to capture kinetic changes in the amount of soot being produced. Images of the flame taken directly with a high-speed camera were compared with simultaneous photographs of the scattered image, enabling changes in the degree of soot being produced from the diesel combustion to be observed over time, and showing the relationship between soot conditions and the flame.

Comparison of scattered soot image and direct flame image *

Scattered soot image (photographed with high-speed gated image intensifier unit)

ATDC: After top dead center TDC: Top dead center
: Crank angle based on ATDC as reference
 

Imaging system configuration

The YAG laser is directed into a sheet configuration and the interior of the combustion chamber is irradiated with the laser sheet. Scattered light from the soot particles is detected using the gated I.I. unit. The gate operation of the gated I.I. unit is synchronized to the light source, enabling moving images of the scattered light to be captured. To further clarify the flame conditions, a half-mirror is introduced and the direct flame image captured with a high- speed camera.

Photo and information: Courtesy of professer M. Shioji from Kyoto University.
REFERENCES
* M. Shioji, et al.: 1992 JSAE Autumn Convention Proceedings, 924, 41-44(1992). (Published in Japanese)

Observing micro-discharge phenomenon

Changes in a micro-discharge phenomenon were observed by connecting a gated image intensifier unit to a high-speed camera that captures images at 500,000 frames per second.
Capturing a high-speed phenomenon at faint light emissions is usually impossible with a camera operating at a low frame rate, because low frame rates do not provide enough time resolution. However, merely in- creasing the frame rate (less exposure time) reduces the input light level and makes the acquired images darker and unsatisfactory. We succeeded in capturing clear images of very weak light emission at a high frame rate by combining a high-speed camera with a high-speed gated image intensifier unit that contains a proximity focused image intensifier coupled to an inverter type intensifier and provides high brightness output.
 

Imaging examples: Observing changes in micro-discharge phenomenon



Typical imaging system setup

The camera is synchronized based on a trigger signal generated just prior to a discharge phenomenon, and the trigger signal is input to the gated image intensifier unit so that the gate opens only during the time the discharge phenomenon occurs.

 

Observing light emitted when cavitations occur in ultrasonic washer

ICCD cameras are ideal for observing the low-level light emitted (sonoluminescence) when cavitations occur in ultrasonic washers.
 

Imaging example: Observing low-level emission in an ultrasonic washer


Low-level emission when cavitations occurred (Ultrasonic washer vibration frequency: 201 kHz, output: 20 W, partially degassed)
Imaging system setup

The high sensitivity ICCD camera contains a 2- stage MCP that lets it capture low-level emis- sions impossible with ordinary CCD cameras.
 


Night time surveillance

The image on the left shows a boat sailing at sea on a rainy night captured with the ICCD camera and a laser. The boast is clearly visible due to use of a near infrared laser and high-speed gating of the image intensifier. The image on the right captured with a floodlight camera is not clear since the illuminating light reflects off the raindrops.
 

Imaging examples: Surveillance on the sea at night (Rainy weather)



Time-resolved photoluminescence imaging of polycrystalline silicon wafer

The data below shows the results from time-resolved photoluminescence imaging (TRI) measured when a polycrystalline silicon wafer was irradiated with light at different excitation frequencies having an intensity of 2.5 x 1017/cm2•s. The silicon wafer is 5  5 cm in size and 200 m in thickness and both sides are passivated with SiNx. This proves that uncertainty is drastically improved (s(teff) for [d] was improved by 10 % compared to [c]) by increasing the excitation frequency.
 

Imaging examples: Silicon wafer photoluminescence




Spatial distribution by pulsed light of 1 ns




Imaging system setup

Light from an LED or laser is irradiated onto the polycrys- talline silicon wafer to cause photoluminescence which is then focused on the image intensifier via the objective lens. Photons generated by photoluminescence in the sil- icon wafer are multiplied in the image intensifier and the visible image output from the image intensifier is focused on the CCD image sensor via the relay lens.
 


 
Measurement setup
A: C9546 with built-in InGaAs image intensifier (with one-stage MCP and P43 phosphor screen)
B: Relay lens adapter A9017 Relay lens A4539
C-mount converter A2095
C: ORCA-Flash4 camera (Camera Link) Image processing software HiPIC

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