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Photomultiplier Tubes And Assemblies For Scintillation Counting & High Energy Physics

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OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
GENERAL

The photomultiplier tube (PMT) is a photosensitive device consisting of an input window, a photocathode, focusing electrodes, an electron multiplier (dynodes) and an anode in a vacuum tube, as shown in Figure 1. When light enters the photocathode, the photocathode emits photoelectrons into vacuum by the external photoelectric effect. These photoelectrons are directed by the potential of focusing electrode towards the electron multiplier where electrons are multiplied by the process of secondary electron emission. The multiplied electrons are collected to the anode to produce output signal.

PHOTOCATHODE

◎ Spectral response
The photocathode of PMT converts energy of incident light into photoelectrons by the external photoelectric effect. The conversion efficiency, that is photocathode sensitivity, varies with the wavelength of incident light. This relationship between the photocathode sensitivity and the wavelength is called the spectral response characteristics. Typical spectral response curves of the variation of bialkali photocathodes are shown on the inside of the back cover.
The spectral response range is determined by the photocathode material on the long wavelength edge, and by the window material on the short wavelength edge. In this catalog, the long wavelength cut-off of spectral response range is defined as the wavelength at which the cathode radiant sensitivity drops to 1 % of the maximum sensitivity.
 
◎ Quantum efficiency and radiant sensitivity
Spectral response is usually expressed in term of quantum efficiency and radiant sensitivity as shown on the inside the back cover.
Quantum efficiency (QE) is defined as the ratio of the number of photoelectrons emitted from the photocathode to the number of incident photons. It's customarily stated as a percentage.
The equation of QE is as follows:

QE= {Number of photoelectrons / Number of photons}  *100(%)

Radiant sensitivity (S) is the photoelectric current from the photocathode divided by the incident radiant power at a given wavelength, expressed in A/W (ampere per watt).
The equation of S is as follows:

S={Photoelectric current / Radiant power of light} (A/W)

 
Quantum efficiency and radiant sensitivity have the following relationship at a given wavelength.QE= S*1240/λ *100(%)
◎ Window materials
The window materials commonly used in PMT are as follows:
(1) Borosilicate glass
This is the most frequently used material. It transmits light from the infrared to approximately down to 300 nm.
For some scintillation applications where radioactivity of K40 contained in the glass affects the measurement, "K-free" glass is recommended.
As "K-free" glass contains very little amount of Potassium, the background counts originated by 40K is minimized.
(2) UV-transmitting glass
This glass transmits ultraviolet light well as the name implies, and it is widely used. The UV cut-off wavelength is approximately 185 nm.
(3) Silica glass
This material transmits ultraviolet light down to 160 nm. Silica is not suitable for the stem material of tubes because it has a
different thermal expansion coefficient from kovar metal which
is used for the tube leads. Thus, borosilicate glass is used for the stem. In order to seal these two materials having different thermal expansion ratios, a technique called graded seal is used. This is a technique to seal several glass materials having gradually different thermal expansion ratios. Another feature of silica is superiority in radiation hardness.
 
◎ Photocathode materials
The photocathode is a photoemissive surface with very low work and high energy physics applications:
(1) Bialkali
This has a spectral response which fits the emission spectra of most scintillators. Thus, it is frequently used for scintillator applications.
(2) High temperature bialkali
This is particularly useful at higher operating temperatures up to 175 °C. Its major application is oil well logging. Also it can be operated with very low dark current at the room temperature.
As stated above, the spectral response range is determined by the materials of the photocathode and the window as shown in Figure 34. It is important to select appropriate materials which will suit the application.
 
◎ Luminous and blue sensitivity
Since the measurement of spectral response characteristics of a PMT requires a sophisticated system and time, it isn't practical to provide spectral response data on each tube. Instead, cathode and anode luminous sensitivity data are usually attached.
The cathode luminous sensitivity is the photoelectric current
from the photocathode per incident light flux (10-5 to 10-2 lumen) from a tungsten filament lamp operated at a distribution temperature of 2856 K.
The cathode luminous sensitivity is expressed in the unit of μA/lm (micro amperes per lumen).
Note that the lumen is a unit used for luminous flux in the visible region, therefore these values may be meaningless for tubes which are sensitive out of the visible region (refer to Figure 2).
The cathode blue sensitivity is the photoelectric current from the photocathode per incident light flux of a tungsten filament lamp at 2856 K passing through a blue filter. Corning CS-5-58 filter which is polished to half stock thickness is used for the measurement of this sensitivity. This filter is a band-pass filter and its peak wavelength of transmittance is 400 nm.
Since the light flux, once transmitted through the blue filter, can not be expressed in lumen, the blue sensitivity is usually represented by the blue sensitivity index.
The blue sensitivity is a very important parameter in the scintillation counting since most of the scintillators produce emission spectrum in the blue region, and it may dominant factor of energy resolution.
These parameters of cathode luminous and blue sensitivities are particularly useful when comparing tubes having the same or similar spectral response ranges. Hamamatsu final test sheets accompanied with tubes usually indicate these parameters.
 
ELECTRON MULTIPLIER (DYNODES)
The superior sensitivity (high gain and high S/N ratio) of PMT is due to a low noise electron multiplier which amplifies electrons in a vaccum with cascade secondary emission process. The electron multiplier consists of several to up to 19 stages of electrodes which are called dynodes.
◎ Dynode types
There are several principal types of dynode structures.
Features of each type are as follows:
(1) Linear focused type
Fast time response, high pulse linearity
(2) Box and grid type
Good collection efficiency, good uniformity
(3) Box and linear focused type
Good collection efficiency, good uniformity, low profile
(4) Circular and linear-focused type
Fast time response, compactness
(5) Venetian blind type
Good uniformity, large output current
(6) Fine mesh type
High immunity to magnetic fields, good uniformity, high pulse linearity, position detection possible.
(7) Metal channel type
Compact dynode construction, fast time response, position detection possible.
 
ANODE
The PMT anode output is the product of photoelectric current from the photocathode and gain. Photoelectric current is proportional to the intensity of incident light. Gain is determined by the applied voltage on a specified voltage divider.
◎ Luminous sensitivity
The anode luminous sensitivity is the anode output current per incident light flux (10-10 to 10-5 lumen) from a tungsten filament lamp operated at a distribution temperature of 2856 K. This is
expressed in the unit of A/lm (amperes per lumen) at a specified anode-to-cathode voltage with a specified voltage divider.
 
◎ Gain (Current amplification)
Photoelectrons emitted from a photocathode are accelerated by an electric field so as to strike the first dynode and produce secondary electron emissions. These secondary electrons then impinge upon the next dynode to produce additional secondary electron emissions. Repeating this process over successive dynode stages (cascade process), a high gain is achieved.
Therefore a very small photoelectric current from the photocathode can be observed as a large output current from the anode of the PMT.
Gain is simply the ratio of the anode output current to the photoelectric current from the photocathode. Ideally, the gain of the PMT is defined as δn, where n is the number of dynode stage and δ is an average secondary emission ratio. While the secondary electron emission ratio δ is given by
δ = A • Eα
where A is constant, E is an interstage voltage, and α is a coefficient determined by the dynode material and geometric structure. It usually has a value of 0.7 to 0.8. When a voltage V is applied between the cathode and the anode of the PMT having n dynode stages, gain G becomes
Figure 3 shows gain characteristics.
Since generally PMTs have 8 to 12 dynode stages, the anodeoutput varies directly with the 6th to 10th power of the change in applied voltage. The output signal of the PMT is extremely susceptible to fluctuations in the power supply voltage, thus the power supply should be very stable and exhibit minimum ripple, drift and temperature coefficient. Regulated high voltage power supplies designed with this consideration are available from Hamamatsu.
 
ANODE DARK CURRENT
A small amount of output current flows in a PMT even when it operated in complete darkness. This current is called the anode dark current. The dark current and the noise resulted from are critical factors to determine the lower limit of light detection.
The causes of dark current may be categorized as follows:
(1) Thermionic emission of electrons
Since the materials of the photocathode and dynodes have very low work functions, they emit thermionic electrons even at the room temperature. Most of the dark current originates from the thermionic emissions especially from the photocathode, and it is multiplied by the dynodes.
(2) Ionization of residual gases
Residual gases inside the PMT can be ionized by the flow of photoelectrons. When these ions strike the photocathode or earlier stages of dynodes, secondary electrons may be emitted, thus resulting in relatively large output noise pulses.
These noise pulses are usually observed as afterpulses following the primary signal pulses and may be a problem in detecting short light pulses. Present PMT's are designed to minimize afterpulses.
(3) Glass scintillation
In case electrons deviating from their normal trajectories strike the glass envelope, scintillations may occur and dark pulses may result. To eliminate these pulses, PMT's may be operated with the anode at high voltage and the cathode at the ground potential. Otherwise it is useful to coat the glass bulb with a conductive paint connected to the cathode (called HA treatment: see page 13).
(4) Ohmic leakage
Ohmic leakage resulting from insufficient insulation of the glass stem base and socket may be another source of dark current.This is predominant when a PMT is operated at a low voltage or low temperature. Contamination by dirt and humidity on the surface of the tube may cause ohmic leakage, and therefore should be avoided.
(5) Field emission
When a PMT is operated at a voltage near the maximum rating value, some electrons may be emitted from electrodes by strong electric fields causing dark pulses. It is therefore recommended that the tube be operated at 100 volts to 300 volts lower than the maximum rating.
The anode dark current decreases along time after a PMT is placed in darkness. In this catalog, anode dark currents are specified as the state after 30 minutes storage in darkness.
 
TIME RESPONSE
In applications where forms of the incident light are pulses, the anode output signal should reproduce a waveform faithful to the incident pulse waveform.
This reproducibility depends on the anode pulse time response.
(1) Rise time (refer to Figure 4)
The time for the anode output pulse to rise from 10 % to 90 % of the peak amplitude when the whole photocathode is illuminated by a delta-function light pulse.
(2) Electron transit time (refer to Figure 4)
The time interval between the arrival of a delta-function light pulse at the photocathode and the instant when the anode output pulse reaches its peak amplitude.
(3) T.T.S. (Transit Time Spread) (refer to Figure 5)
This is also called the transit time jitter. This is the fluctuation in transit time between individual pulses, and is defined as the FWHM of the frequency distribution of electron transit times.
T.T.S. depends on the number of incident photons. The values in this catalog are measured in the single photoelectron state.
 
◎ C.R.T. (Coincident Resolving Time)
This is one of the important parameters in high energy physics applications and is defined as the FWHM of a coincident timing spectrum of a pair PMT's facing each other when they detect coincident gamma-ray emission due to positron annihilation of a radiation source (22Na). The scintillators used are CsF, BGO or BaF2 crystals. These PMT's can be selected for special requirements.
These parameters are affected by the dynode structure and applied voltage. In general, PMTs of the linear focused structure exhibit better time response than that of the box-and-grid or venetian blind structure.
Figure 6 shows typical time response characteristics vs. applied voltage for types R2059 (51 mm dia. head-on, 12-stage, linear-focused type).
 
PULSE LINEARITY
The definition of the pulse linearity is proportionality between the input light amount and the output current in the pulse operation mode. When intense light pulses are to be measured, it's necessary to know the pulse linearity range of the PMT.
In this catalog, typical values of pulse linearity are specified at two points (±2 % and ±5 % deviations from linear proportionality), as shown in Figure 7.
The two-pulse technique is employed in this measurement. LED's are used for a pulsed light source. Its pulse width is 50 ns and the repetition rate is 1 kHz. The deviation from the proportionality is called non-linearity in this catalog. The cause of non-linearity is mainly a space charge effect in the later stages of an electron multiplier. This space charge effect depends on the pulse height of the PMT output current and the strength of electric fields between electrodes.
The special voltage distribution ratios are designed to achieve strong electric fields in the later stages of the electron multiplier. Some types are specified with these special voltage dividers.
 
UNIFORMITY
Although the focusing electrodes of a PMT are designed so that electrons emitted from the photocathode or dynodes are collected efficiently by the first or following dynodes, some electrons may deviate from their desired trajectories and collection efficiency is degraded. The collection efficiency varies with the position on the photocathode from which the photoelectrons are emitted, and influences the spatial uniformity of a photomultiplier tube. The spatial uniformity is also determined by the photocathode surface uniformity itself. PMTs especially designed for gamma camera applications have excellent spatial uniformity. Example of spatial uniformity is shown in Figure 8.
 
STABILITY
In scintillation counting, there are two relevant stability characteristics for the PMT in pulse height mode operation, the long term and the short term. In each case a 137Cs source (662 keV), and an NaI(Tl) scintillator, and a multichannel pulse height analyzer are used. PMT's are warmed up for about one hour in the dark with voltage applied.
◎ Long term stability (Mean gain deviation)
This is defined as follows when the PMT is operated for 16 hours at a constant count rate of 1000 s-1:
where P is the mean pulse height averaged over n readings, Pi is the pulse height at the i-th reading, and n is the total number of readings.
◎ Short term stability
This is the gain shift against count rate change. The tube is initially operated at about 10000 s-1. The photo-peak count rate is then decreased to approximately 1000 s-1 by increasing the distance between the 137Cs source and the scintillator coupled to the PMT.
◎ Drift and life characteristics
While operating a photomultiplier tube continuously over a long period, anode output current of the photomultiplier tube may vary slightly with time, although operating conditions have not changed. This change is reffered to as drift or in the case where the operating time is 1000 hours to 10000 hours it is called life characteristics. Figure 9 shows typical life characteristics.
Drift is primarily caused by damage to the last dynode by heavy electron bombardment. Therefore the use of lower anode current is desirable. When stability is of prime importance, the use of average anode current of 1 μA or less is recommended.
ENVIRONMENT
◎ Temperature characteristics
The sensitivity of the PMT varies with the temperature. Figure 10 shows typical temperature coefficients of anode sensitivity around the room temperature for bialkali and high temp. bialkali photocathode types. In the ultraviolet to visible region, the temperature coefficient of sensitivity has a negative value, while it has a positive value near the longer wavelength cut-off.
Since the temperature coefficient change is large near the longer wavelength cut-off, temperature control may be required in some applications.
 
◎ Magnetic field
Most PMTs are affected by the presence of magnetic fields. Magnetic fields may deflect electrons from their normal trajectories and cause a loss of gain. The extent of the loss of gain depends on the type of the PMT and its orientation in the magnetic field. Figure 11 shows typical effects of magnetic fields on some types of PMTs. In general, a PMT having a long path from the photocathode to the first dynode are very sensitive to magnetic fields. Therefore head-on types, especially of large diameter, tend to be more adversely influenced by magnetic fields.
When a PMT has to be operated in magnetic fields, it may be necessary to shield the PMT with a magnetic shield case. (Hamamatsu provides a variety of magnetic shield cases.) For example, the shield case, of which inner diameter is 60 mm and the thickness is 0.8 mm, can be used in a magnetic field of around 5 mT without satulation. If a magnetic field strength is more than 10 mT, the double shielding method is necessary for a conventional PMT, otherwise proximity mesh types should be used. The magnetic shielding factor is used to express the effect of a magnetic shield case. This is the ratio of the strength of the magnetic field outside the shield case or Hout, to that inside the shield case or Hin.
The magnetic shielding factor is determined by the permeability μ, the thickness t(mm) and inner diameter r(mm) of the shield case as follows.
 
Hout / Hin = 3μt / 4r
 
It should be noted that the magnetic shielding effect decreases towards the edge of the shield case as shown in Figure 12. It is suggested to cover a PMT with a shield case longer than the PMT length by at least half the PMT diameter.

The proximity mesh made of non-magnetic material has been introduced as alternate dynodes in PMT's. These types (see page 24) exhibit much higher immunity to external magnetic fields than the conventional PMT's. Also triode and three types (see page 24) are useful for applications at high light intensities.
 
 
VOLTAGE DIVIDER CIRCUITS
To operate a photomultiplier tube, a high voltage of 500 volts to 2000 volts is usually supplied between the photocathode (K) and the anode (P), with a proper voltage gradient set up along the photoelectron focusing electrode (F) or grid (G), secondary electron multiplier electrodes or dynodes (Dy) and, depending on photomultiplier tube type, an accelerating electrode (Acc). Figure 13 shows a schematic representation of photomultiplier tube operation using independent multiple power supplies, but this is not a practical method. Instead, a voltage divider circuit is commonly used to divide, by means of resistors, a high voltage supplied from a single power supply.
 
 
Figure 14 shows a typical voltage divider circuit using resistors, with the anode side grounded. The capacitor C1 connected in parallel to the resistor R5 in the circuit is called a decoupling capacitor and improves the output linearity when the photomultiplier tube is used in pulse operation, and not necessarily used in providing DC output. In some applications, transistors or Zener diodes may be used in place of these resistors.
 
◎ Anode grounding and photocathode grounding
In order to eliminate the potential difference between the photomultiplier tube anode and external circuits such as an ammeter, and to facilitate the connection, the generally used technique for voltage divider circuits is to ground the anode and supply a high negative voltage (-HV) to the photocathode, as shown in Figure 14. This scheme provides the signal output in both DC and pulse operations, and is therefore used in a wide range of applications.
In photon counting and scintillation counting applications, however, the photomultiplier tube is often operated with the photocathode grounded and a high positive voltage (+HV) supplied to the anode mainly for purposes of noise reduction.
This photocathode grounding scheme is shown in Figure 15, along with the coupling capacitor Cc for isolating the high voltage from the output circuit. Accordingly, this setup cannot provide a DC signal output and is only used in pulse output applications. The resistor RP is used to give a proper potential to the anode. The resistor RL is placed as a load resistor, but the actual load resistance will be the combination of RP and RL.
 
 
 
◎  Standard voltage divider circuits
Basically, the voltage divider circuits of socket assemblies listed in this catalog are designed for standard voltage distribution ratios which are suited for constant light measurement.
Socket assemblies for side-on photomultiplier tubes in particular mostly use a voltage divider circuit with equal interstage voltages allowing high gain as shown in Figure 16.

 
◎ 11.3 Tapered voltage divider circuits
In most pulsed light measurement applications, it is often necessary to enhance the voltage gradient at the first and/or last few stages of the voltage divider circuit, by using larger resistances as shown in Figure 17. This is called a tapered voltage divider circuit and is effective in improving various characteristics. However it should be noted that the overall gain decreases as the voltage gradient becomes greater. In addition, care is required regarding the interstage voltage tolerance of the photomultiplier tube as higher voltage is supplied. The tapered voltage circuit types and their suitable applications are listed below.
 
Tapered circuit at the first few stages
(resistance: large / small )
Photon counting (improvement in pulse height distribution)
Low-light-level detection (S/N ratio enhancement)
High-speed pulsed light detection (improvement in timing properties)
Other applications requiring better magnetic characteristics and uniformity
Tapered circuit at the last few stages
(resistance: small / large )
High pulsed light detection (improvement in output linearity)
High-speed pulsed light detection (improvement in timing properties)
Other applications requiring high output across the load resistor
 
◎ Voltage divider circuit and photomultiplier tube output linearity
In both DC and pulse operations, when the light incident on the photocathode increases to a certain level, the relationship between the incident light level and the output current begins to deviate from the ideal linearity. As can be seen from Figure 18, region A maintains good linearity, and region B is the so-called overlinearity range in which the output increase is larger than the ideal level. In region C, the output goes into saturation and becomes smaller than the ideal level. When accurate measurement with good linearity is essential, the maximum output current must be within region A. In contrast, the lower limit of the output current is determined by the dark current and noise of the photomultiplier tube as well as the leakage current and noise of the external circuit.
 
◎ Output linearity in DC mode
Figure 19 is a simplified representation showing photomultiplier tube operation in the DC output mode, with three stages of dynodes and four dividing resistors R1 through R4 having the same resistance value.
 

[When light is not incident on the tube]

In dark state operation where a high voltage is supplied to a photomultiplier tube without incident light, the current components flowing through the voltage divider circuit will be similar to those shown in Figure 20 (if we ignore the photomultiplier tube dark current). The relation of current and voltage through each component is given below
Interelectrode current of photomultiplier tube

I1=I2=I3=I4 (= 0 A)

Electrode current of photomultiplier tube

IK=IDy1=IDy2=IDy3=IP (= 0 A)

Voltage divider circuit current

IR1=IR2=IR3=IR4=ID= (HV/ ΣRn)

Voltage divider circuit voltage

V1=V2=V3=V4=ID • Rn (= HV/4)

 
 
[When light is incident on the tube]
When light is allowed to strike the photomultiplier tube under the conditions in Figure 20, the resulting currents can be considered to flow through the photomultiplier tube and the voltage divider circuit as schematically illustrated in Figure 21.
Here, all symbols used to represent the current and voltage are expressed with a prime ( ' ), to distinguish them from those in dark state operation.
The voltage divider circuit current ID' is the sum of the voltage divider circuit current ID in dark state operation and the current flowing through the photomultiplier tube ΔID (equal to average interelectrode current). The current flowing through each dividing resistor Rn becomes as follows:

IRn' = ID' - In'

Where In' is the interelectrode current which has the following relation:

I1' < I2' < I3' < I4'

Thus, the interstage voltage Vn' (=IRn' • Rn) becomes smaller at the latter stages, as follows:

V1' > V2' > V3' > V4'

Figure 22 shows changes in the interstage voltages as the incident light level varies. The interstage voltage V4' with light input drops significantly compared to V4 in dark state operation.
This voltage loss is redistributed to the other stages, resulting an increases in V1', V2' and V3' which are higher than those in dark state operation. The interstage voltage V4' is only required to collect the secondary electrons emitted from the last dynode to the anode, so it has little effect on the anode current even if dropped to 20 or 30 volts. In contrast, the increases in V1', V2' and V3' directly raise the secondary emission ratios (δ1, δ2 and δ3) at the dynodes Dy1, Dy2 and Dy3, and thus boost the overall gain m (= δ1 • δ2 • δ3 ). This is the cause of overlinearity in region B in Figure 10. As the incident light level further increases so that V4' approaches 0 volts, output saturation occurs in region C.
 
 
 
Photomultiplier tubes
 

Tube
diameter

Type
No.

Spectral
response
range
(nm)

Cathode characteristics

Anode characteristics

Max. ratings

Typical
pulse
height
resolution
(%)

Stability

Pulse linearity

Remarks

Note

Q.E.
at peak
Typ.
(%)

Luminous
Typ.
(µA/lm)

Blue
sensitivity
index
(CS 5-58)
Typ.

Radiant
Typ.
(mA/W)

Anode to
cathode
supply
voltage
(V)

Luminous
Typ.
(A/lm)

Radiant
Typ.
(A/W)

Gain
Typ.

Dark Current

Time response

Anode
to
cathode
voltage
(V)

Average
anode
current
(mA)

Long
term
Typ.
(%)

Short
term
Typ.
(%)

2%
deviation
Typ.
(mA)

5%
deviation
Typ.
(mA)

Dynode
structure
/ stage

Socket
&
socket
assembly

Typ.
(nA)

Max.
(nA)

Rise
time
Typ.
(ns)

Transit
time
Typ.
(ns)

T.T.S.
Typ.
(FWHM)
(ns)

10 mm
(3/8")

R1635

300 to 650

25

100

10

80

1250

100

8.0 × 104

1.0 × 106

1

50

0.8

9

0.5

1500

0.03

23 / BGO

1

2

3

7

LINE / 8

E678-11

UV type (R3878)

R2496

160 to 650

25

100

10

80

1250

100

8.0 × 104

1.0 × 106

2

50

0.7

9

0.5

1500

0.03

23 / BGO

1

2

3

7

LINE / 8

E678-11

 

13 mm
(1/2")

R647-01

300 to 650

25

110

10

80

1000

150

1.1 × 105

1.4 × 106

1

2

2.1

22

2

1250

0.1

7.8

1

2

3

7

LINE / 10

E678-13F

SILICA (R760) and UV (R960) types

R4124

300 to 650

25

100

10

80

1000

100

8.0 × 104

1.0 × 106

1

15

1.1

12

0.5

1250

0.03

8.1

1

2

2

5

LINE / 10

E849-68

UV type (R4141)

R4177-06

300 to 650

12

30

4.5

38

1500

15

1.9 × 104

5.0 × 105

0.5

10

2

20

1800

0.02

12

2

2

8

13

LINE / 10

E678-13E

Flying lead type (R4177-04)

R12421

300 to 650

25

110

10

80

1000

220

1.6 × 105

2.0 × 106

0.5

2

1.2

14

1.4

1250

0.1

3

12

LINE / 10

E678-13F

UV types (R12421-03)

R12421-300

300 to 700

32

160

14

105

1000

320

2.1 × 105

2.0 × 106

1

5

1.2

14

1.4

1250

0.1

3

12

LINE / 10

E678-13F

EGBA type

19 mm
(3/4")

R1166

300 to 650

26

110

10.5

85

1000

110

8.5 × 104

1.0 × 106

1

5

2.5

27

2.8

1250

0.1

7.8

1

2

4

7

LINE / 10

E678-12L

SILICA (R762) and UV (R750) types

R1450

300 to 650

27

115

11

88

1500

200

1.5 × 105

1.7 × 106

3

50

1.8

19

0.76

1800

0.1

7.8

1

2

4

8

LINE / 10

E678-12L

 

R3478

300 to 650

27

115

11

88

1700

200

1.5 × 105

1.7 × 106

10

300

1.3

14

0.36

1800

0.1

7.8

1

2

4

8

LINE / 8

E678-12L

SILICA (R2076) and UV (R3479) types

R3991A-04

300 to 650

12

30

4.5

38

1500

10

1.3 × 104

3.3 × 105

0.1

10

1

10

1800

0.02

11

1

2

20

40

C+L / 10

E678-12R

 

R4125

300 to 650

27

115

11

88

1500

100

7.7 × 104

8.7 × 105

10

50

2.5

16

0.85

1800

0.1

7.8

1

2

100

170

LINE / 10

E678-12L

 

R5611A-01

300 to 650

26

90

10.5

85

1000

50

4.7 × 104

5.5 × 105

3

20

1.3

12

0.8

1250

0.1

8

1

2

10

20

LINE / 10

E678-12A

Glass base type (R5611A)

25 mm
(1")

R1288A-06

300 to 650

12

30

4.5

38

1500

10

1.2 × 104

3.3 × 105

0.1

10

1.3

13

1800

0.02

9

1

2

30

50

C+L / 10

E678-14-03

Flying lead type (R1288A-04)

R1924A

300 to 650

26

90

10.5

85

1000

180

1.7 × 105

2.0 × 106

3

20

1.5

17

0.9

1250

0.1

7.8

1

2

30

50

C+L / 10

E678-14C

Flying lead type (R1924A-01)

R4998

300 to 650

23

80

9.5

76

2250

400

3.8 × 105

5.0 × 106

10

200

0.7

10

0.16

2500

0.1

8

1

2

40

70

LINE / 10

E678-12A

SILICA type (R5320)

R7899-01

300 to 650

27

95

11

88

1250

190

1.8 × 105

2.0 × 106

2

15

1.6

17

0.6

1800

0.1

7.8

1

2

30

50

LINE / 10

E678-12A

Glass base type (R7899)

1500

160

1.5 × 105

1.7 × 106

2

20

1.6

16

0.7

1800

0.1

7.8

1

2

100

150

R8619

300 to 650

27

95

11

88

1000

250

2.3 × 105

2.6 × 106

2

15

2.5

28

1.2

1500

0.1

8

1

2

5

8

LINE / 10

E678-12A

 

R9800

300 to 650

27

95

11

88

1300

100

9.3 × 104

1.1 × 106

5

50

1

11

0.27

1500

0.1

7.8

1

2

30

50

LINE / 8

E678-12A

 

R9800-100

300 to 650

35

130

13.5

110

1300

140

1.2 × 105

1.1 × 106

10

100

1

11

0.27

1500

0.1

30

50

LINE / 8

E678-12A

SBA type

R13478

300 to 650

25

95

10

80

1500

50

4.2 × 104

5.3 × 105

3

30

0.9

9.1

0.13

1750

0.1

8

10

25

LINE / 8

E678-20B

 

28 mm
(1-1/8")

R3998-02

300 to 650

26

90

10.5

85

1000

120

1.1 × 105

1.3 × 106

2

10

4.4

32

3.5

1500

0.1

7.5

1

1

8

10

B+L / 9

E678-14C

 

R3998-100-02

300 to 650

35

130

13.5

110

1000

130

1.1 × 105

1.0 × 106

5

25

4.4

32

3.5

1500

0.1

7

1

1

8

10

B+L / 9

E678-14C

SBA type

R6427

300 to 650

27

100

11

88

1500

500

4.4 × 105

5.0 × 106

10

200

1.7

16

0.5

2000

0.1

7.8

1

2

10

30

LINE / 10

E678-14C

UV type (R7056)

1500

190

1.7 × 105

2.0 × 106

4

80

1.8

17

0.5

2000

0.1

7.8

1

2

100

150

R7111

300 to 650

26

90

10.5

85

1000

180

1.7 × 105

2.0 × 106

3

20

1.6

18

0.9

1250

0.1

7.8

1

2

30

50

C+L / 10

E678-14C

 

R7525

300 to 650

27

95

11

88

1500

45

4.7 × 104

5.3 × 105

5

100

1.3

14

0.55

1750

0.2

7.8

1

2

10

30

LINE / 8

E678-14C

 

1500

19

1.8 × 104

2.1 × 105

2

40

1.3

15

0.58

1750

0.2

7.8

1

2

100

150

R13449

300 to 650

25

95

10

80

1500

50

4.2 × 104

5.3 × 105

3

30

0.9

10

0.17

1750

0.1

8

10

30

LINE / 8

E678-20B

 

38 mm
(1-1/2")

R580

300 to 650

27

95

11

88

1250

100

4.7 × 104

1.1 × 106

3

20

2.7

37

4.5

1750

0.1

7.7

1

1

40

60

LINE / 10

E678-12A

 

1500

75

7.0 × 104

7.9 × 105

2

15

2.7

40

4.5

1750

0.1

7.7

1

1

150

200

R11102

300 to 650

28

120

11.5

89

1000

120

8.9 × 104

1.0 × 106

2

20

3.2

34

4.8

1250

0.1

7.6

0.5

0.5

10

30

C+L / 10

E678-12A

 

R3886A

300 to 650

26

90

10.5

85

1000

180

1.7 × 105

2.0 × 106

3

20

2.6

30

2

1250

0.1

7.5

1

2

20

30

C+L / 10

E678-12A

 

R9420

300 to 650

27

95

11

88

1300

47

4.4 × 104

5.0 × 105

10

100

1.6

17

0.55

1500

0.1

7.8

1

2

30

50

LINE / 8

E678-12A

 

R9420-100

300 to 650

35

130

13.5

110

1300

65

5.5 × 104

5.0 × 105

10

100

1.6

17

0.55

1500

0.1

7

1

2

30

50

LINE / 8

E678-12A

SBA type

R13408

300 to 650

25

95

10

80

1500

50

4.2 × 104

5.3 × 105

3

30

1.2

13

0.19

1750

0.1

8

20

50

LINE / 8

E678-20B

 

 

Tube
diameter

Type
No.

Spectral
response
range
(nm)

Cathode characteristics

Anode characteristics

Max. ratings

Typical
pulse
height
resolution
(%)

Stability

Pulse linearity

Remarks

Note

Q.E.
at peak
Typ.
(%)

Luminous
Typ.
(µA/lm)

Blue
sensitivity
index
(CS 5-58)
Typ.

Radiant
Typ.
(mA/W)

Anode to
cathode
supply
voltage
(V)

Luminous
Typ.
(A/lm)

Radiant
Typ.
(A/W)

Gain
Typ.

Dark Current

Time response

Anode
to
cathode
voltage
(V)

Average
anode
current
(mA)

Long
term
Typ.
(%)

Short
term
Typ.
(%)

2%
deviation
Typ.
(mA)

5%
deviation
Typ.
(mA)

Dynode
structure
/ stage

Socket
&
socket
assembly

Typ.
(nA)

Max.
(nA)

Rise
time
Typ.
(ns)

Transit
time
Typ.
(ns)

T.T.S.
Typ.
(FWHM)
(ns)

51 mm
(2")

R329-02

300 to 650

26

90

10.5

85

1500

100

9.4 × 104

1.1 × 106

6

40

2.6

48

1.1

2700

0.2

7.6

1

1

15

30

LINE / 12

E678-21C

SILICA type (R2256-02)
UV type (R5113-02)

2000

270

2.6 × 105

3.0 × 106

10

100

2.7

40

1.1

2700

0.2

7.6

1

1

100

200

R331-05

300 to 650

26

90

10.5

85

1500

120

1.1 × 105

1.3 × 106

1000 s-1

2000 s-1

2.6

48

1.1

2500

0.2

15

30

LINE / 12

E678-21C

 

R1306

300 to 650

28

110

11.5

95

1000

30

2.6 × 104

2.7 × 105

2

20

7

60

1500

0.1

6.3 (8.5)

0.5

0.5

1

5

BOX / 8

E678-14W

K-FREE type (R1306-15)

R1828-01

300 to 650

26

90

10.5

85

2500

1800

1.7 × 106

2.0 × 107

50

400

1.3

28

0.55

3000

0.2

7.8

1

1

100

200

LINE / 12

E678-20B

SILICA type (R2059)
UV type (R4004)

2500

900

8.5 × 105

1.0 × 107

25

200

1.7

32

0.55

3000

0.2

7.8

1

1

250

500

R2083

300 to 650

25

80

10

80

3000

200

2.0 × 105

2.5 × 106

100

800

0.8

16

0.37

3500

0.2

7.8

1

2

100

150

LINE / 8

E678-19J

SILICA type (R3377)

R2154-02

300 to 650

26

90

10.5

85

1250

90

8.5 × 104

1.0 × 106

5

20

3.4

31

3.6

1750

0.1

7.6

1

1

50

70

LINE / 10

E678-14W

Glass base type (R3149)

1500

54

5.1 × 104

6.0 × 105

3

15

3.4

33

3.6

1750

0.1

7.6

1

1

150

200

R4607A-06

300 to 650

12

30

4.5

38

1500

10

1.2 × 104

3.3 × 105

3

50

2.6

28

1800

0.02

10

2

2

30

60

C+L / 10

E678-15C

 

R6041

300 to 650

20

60

8.5

60

800

60

6.0 × 104

1.0 × 106

5

50

2.3

16

0.75

1000

0.1

40

MC / 12

 

R6041-406

160 to 650

30

100

12.5

100

800

100

1.0 × 105

1.0 × 106

5

50

2.3

16

0.75

1000

0.1

40

MC / 12

For low temperature operation down to -110 °C Low radicoactivity material

R6041-506

160 to 650

25

100

11.5

90

800

100

9.0 × 104

1.0 × 106

5

50

2.3

16

0.75

1000

0.1

40

MC / 12

For low temperature operation down to -186 °C Low radicoactivity material

R6231

300 to 650

28

110

11.5

95

1000

30

2.6 × 104

2.7 × 105

2

20

8.5

48

6.9

1500

0.1

6.3 (8.5)

0.5

0.5

5

10

B+L / 8

E678-14W

Semiflexible lead type (R6231-01)

R6231-100

300 to 650

35

130

13.5

110

1000

30

2.5 × 104

2.3 × 105

10

30

8.5

48

6.9

1500

0.1

6.1

0.5

0.5

5

10

B+L / 8

E678-14W

SBA type

R7723

300 to 650

26

90

10.5

85

1750

90

8.5 × 104

1.0 × 106

3

20

1.7

23

1.1

2000

0.2

7.6

1

1

80

100

LINE / 8

E678-21C

 

R7724

300 to 650

26

90

10.5

85

1750

300

2.8 × 105

3.3 × 106

6

40

2.1

29

1.2

2000

0.2

7.6

1

1

60

90

LINE / 10

E678-21C

 

R7724-100

300 to 650

35

130

13.5

110

1750

300

2.5 × 105

2.3 × 106

6

50

2.1

29

1.2

2000

0.2

1

1

60

90

LINE / 10

E678-21C

SBA type

R7725

300 to 650

26

90

10.5

85

1750

600

5.7 × 105

6.7 × 106

9

60

2.5

35

1.3

2000

0.2

7.6

1

1

40

80

LINE / 12

E678-21C

 

R13089

300 to 650

25

95

10

80

1500

30

2.5 × 104

3.2 × 105

10

50

2

20

0.23

1750

0.1

8

30

60

LINE / 8

E678-20B

 

R13435

300 to 650

25

95

10

80

1750

400

3.4 × 105

4.2 × 106

30

200

2

23

0.23

2000

0.1

8

30

60

LINE / 10

E678-20B

 

60 mm

R6232

300 to 650

28

110

11.5

95

1000

30

2.6 × 104

2.7 × 105

2

20

9.5

52

8.5

1500

0.1

6.3 (8.5)

0.5

0.5

5

10

B+L / 8

E678-14W

Semiflexible lead type (R6232-01)

76 mm
(3")

R1307

300 to 650

28

110

11.5

95

1000

30

2.6 × 104

2.7 × 105

2

20

8

64

1500

0.1

6.3 (8.5)

0.5

0.5

1

5

BOX / 8

E678-14W

K-FREE type (R1307-07)

 

 

 

 

 

 

1500

450

4.3 × 105

5.0 × 106

10

60

2.6

48

2

2500

0.2

7.8

1

1

40

60

LINE / 12

E678-21C

 

R6091

300 to 650

26

90

10.5

85

2000

900

8.5 × 105

1.0 × 107

30

120

2.7

40

1.5

2500

0.2

7.8

1

1

80

110

R6233

300 to 650

28

110

11.5

95

1000

30

2.6 × 104

2.7 × 105

2

20

9.5

52

8.5

1500

0.1

6.3 (8.5)

0.5

0.5

5

10

B+L / 8

E678-14W

Semiflexible lead type (R6233-01)

R6233-100

300 to 650

35

130

13.5

110

1000

30

2.5 × 104

2.3 × 105

10

30

9.5

52

8.5

1500

0.1

6.1

0.5

0.5

5

10

B+L / 8

E678-14W

SBA type

R11065

200 to 650

25

90

10

85

1500

450

4.2 × 105

5.0 × 106

10

100

5.5

46

9

1750

0.1

20

25

B+L / 12

E678-20B

For low temperature operation down to -186 °C Low radicoactivity material

R11410

160 to 650

26

90

10

85

1500

450

4.2 × 105

5.0 × 106

10

100

5.5

46

9

1750

0.1

20

25

B+L / 12

E678-20B

For low temperature operation down to -110 °C

80 mm

R12199

300 to 650

26

90

10.5

85

1000

500

2.6 × 105

3.0 × 106

50

500

3.6

43

3.7

1500

0.1

C+L / 10

E678-14W

Low radicoactivity material

90 mm
(3.5")

R10233

300 to 650

30

110

11.5

95

1000

30

2.6 × 104

2.7 × 105

2

20

10

52

9.4

1500

0.1

6.3 (8.5)

0.5

0.5

5

10

B+L / 8

E678-14W

 

R10233-100

300 to 650

35

130

13.5

110

1000

30

2.5 × 104

2.3 × 105

10

30

10

52

9.4

1500

0.1

6.1

0.5

0.5

5

10

B+L / 8

E678-14W

Semiflexible lead type (R10233-01)

102 mm
(4")

R10806

300 to 650

26

90

10.5

85

1000

30

2.8 × 104

3.3 × 105

5

20

9

55

10.5

1500

0.1

1

2

5

10

B+L / 8

E678-14W

SBA type

R10806-100

300 to 650

35

105

13.5

110

1000

30

3.1 × 104

2.9 × 105

10

40

9

55

10.5

1500

0.1

1

2

5

10

B+L / 8

E678-14W

 

127 mm
(5")

R877

300 to 650

26

90

10.5

85

1250

40

3.7 × 104

4.4 × 105

10

50

20

115

18.5

1500

0.1

8

1

1

10

20

BOX / 10

E678-14W

SBA type

R877-100

300 to 650

35

105

13.5

110

1250

46

4.8 × 104

4.4 × 105

20

100

20

115

18.5

1500

0.1

7.6

1

1

10

20

BOX / 10

E678-14W

K-FREE type (R877-01)

R1250

300 to 650

22

70

9

72

2000

1000

1.0 × 106

1.4 × 107

50

300

2.5

54

1.2

3000

0.2

8.3

1

1

100

150

LINE / 14

E678-20B

SBA type

2500

2800

2.9 × 106

4.0 × 107

300

1800

2.2

53

1.2

3000

0.2

8.3

1

1

160

250

R6594

300 to 650

25

80

10

80

1500

240

2.4 × 105

3.0 × 106

30

300

3.5

45

1.5

2000

0.1

30

50

B+L / 10

E678-20B

 

1500

160

1.6 × 105

2.0 × 106

20

200

3.5

45

1.5

2000

0.1

100

150

R11833-03

300 to 650

22

70

9

76

1250

35

3.3 × 104

5.0 × 105

10

50

3.3

41

4.6

1500

0.1

1

1

10

30

B+L / 8

E678-14W

 

R11833-100-03

300 to 650

35

105

13.5

110

1250

50

5.5 × 104

4.4 × 105

20

100

3.3

41

4.6

1500

0.1

1

1

10

30

B+L / 8

E678-14W

 

204 mm
(8")

R5912

300 to 650

25

80

10

80

1500

800

8.0 × 105

1.0 × 107

100

1000

3.6

54

2.4

2000

0.1

40

60

B+L / 10

E678-20B

SBA type

R5912-20

300 to 650

25

80

10

80

1500

80000

8.0 × 107

1.0 × 109

5000

10000

4.4

72

3

2000

0.1

30

60

B+L / 14

E678-20B

 

R5912-100

300 to 650

35

130

13.5

115

1500

1300

1.2 × 106

1.0 × 107

500

1000

3.6

54

2.4

2000

0.1

40

60

B+L / 10

E678-20B

 

254 mm
(10")

R7081

300 to 650

25

80

10

80

1500

800

8.0 × 105

1.0 × 107

100

1000

3.8

62

3.4

2000

0.1

40

60

B+L / 10

E678-20B

SBA type

R7081-20

300 to 650

25

80

10

80

1500

80000

8.0 × 107

1.0 × 109

5000

10000

5

80

3.9

2000

0.1

30

60

B+L / 14

E678-20B

 

R7081-100

300 to 650

35

130

13.5

115

1500

1300

1.2 × 106

1.0 × 107

500

1000

3.8

62

3.4

2000

0.1

40

60

B+L / 10

E678-20B

 

508 mm
(20")

R12860

300 to 650

30

80

11.5

90

2000

800

9.0 × 105

1.0 × 107

500

1000

6

95

2.4

2500

0.1

20

40

B+L / 10

E678-20B

SBA type

 

 

Photomultiplier tubes of special shapes

Metal package photomultipliers

Tube
diameter

Type
No.

Spectral
response
range
(nm)

Cathode characteristics

Anode characteristics

Max. ratings

Typical
pulse
height
resolution
(%)

Stability

Pulse linearity

Remarks

Note

Q.E.
at peak
Typ.
(%)

Luminous
Typ.
(µA/lm)

Blue
sensitivity
index
(CS 5-58)
Typ.

Radiant
Typ.
(mA/W)

Anode to
cathode
supply
voltage
(V)

Luminous
Typ.
(A/lm)

Radiant
Typ.
(A/W)

Gain
Typ.

Dark Current

Time response

Anode
to
cathode
voltage
(V)

Average
anode
current
(mA)

Long
term
Typ.
(%)

Short
term
Typ.
(%)

2%
deviation
Typ.
(mA)

5%
deviation
Typ.
(mA)

Dynode
structure
/ stage

Socket
&
socket
assembly

Typ.
(nA)

Max.
(nA)

Rise
time
Typ.
(ns)

Transit
time
Typ.
(ns)

T.T.S.
Typ.
(FWHM)
(ns)

25mm
(1")

R8520-406

160 to 650

30

100

11

100

800

100

1.0 × 105

1.0 × 106

2

20

1.8

12.4

0.8

900

0.03

30

60

MC / 10

E678-32B

For low temperature operation down to -110 °C Low  radioactivity material

R8520-506

160 to 650

25

100

9.5

80

800

100

8.0 × 104

1.0 × 106

2

20

1.8

12.4

0.8

900

0.03

30

60

MC / 10

E678-32B

For low temperature operation down to -186 °C Low  radioactivity material

30 mm square type

R7600U

300 to 650

24

80

9.5

80

800

160

1.6 × 105

2.0 × 106

2

20

1.6

9.6

0.35

900

0.1

1

2

30

60

MC / 10

E678-32B

UV type (R7600U-03) is available

R7600U-100

300 to 650

35

105

13.5

110

800

105

1.1 × 105

1.0 × 106

2

20

1.6

9.6

0.35

900

0.1

30

60

MC / 10

E678-32B

SBA type

R7600U-200

300 to 650

43

135

15.5

130

800

135

1.3 × 105

1.0 × 106

2

20

1.6

9.6

0.35

900

0.1

30

60

MC / 10

E678-32B

UBA type

R7600U-300

300 to 700

39

160

14

125

800

320

2.5 × 105

2.0 × 106

2

20

1.6

9.6

0.35

900

0.1

30

MC / 10

E678-32B

EGBA type

R7600U-100-M4

300 to 650

35

105

13.5

110

800

140

1.4 × 105

1.3 × 106

0.5/ch

5/ch

1.2

9.5

0.36

900

0.1

10/ch

30/ch

MC / 10

E678-32B

SBA type

R7600U-200-M4

300 to 650

43

135

15.5

130

800

175

1.7 × 105

1.3 × 106

0.5/ch

5/ch

1.2

9.5

0.36

900

0.1

10/ch

30/ch

MC / 10

E678-32B

UBA type

R7600U-300-M4

300 to 700

39

160

14

125

800

210

1.6 × 105

1.3 × 106

0.5/ch

5/ch

1.2

9.5

0.36

900

0.1

10/ch

30/ch

MC / 10

E678-32B

EGBA type

R7600U-00-M4

300 to 650

24

80

9.5

80

800

140

1.4 × 105

1.8 × 106

0.5/ch

5/ch

1.2

9.5

0.36

900

0.1

10

30

MC / 10

E678-32B

 

R5900U-00-L16

300 to 650

21

70

8.5

72

800

280

2.9 × 105

4.0 × 106

0.2/ch

2/ch

0.6

7.4

0.18

900

0.1

0.8/ch

1.2/ch

MC / 10

E678-32B

 

R5900U-100-L16

300 to 650

35

105

13.5

110

800

105

1.1 × 105

1.0 × 106

0.2/ch

2/ch

0.6

7.4

0.18

900

0.1

0.8/ch

1.2/ch

MC / 10

E678-32B

SBA type

R5900U-200-L16

300 to 650

43

135

15.5

130

800

135

1.3 × 105

1.0 × 106

0.2/ch

2/ch

0.6

7.4

0.18

900

0.1

0.8/ch

1.2/ch

MC / 10

E678-32B

UBA type

R9880U-110

230 to 700

35

105

13.5

110

1000

210

2.2 × 105

2.0 × 106

1

10

0.57

2.7

0.2

1100

0.1

10

30

MC / 10

E678-12-01

SBA type

R9880U-210

230 to 700

43

135

15.5

130

1000

270

2.6 × 105

2.0 × 106

1

10

0.57

2.7

0.2

1100

0.1

10

30

MC / 10

E678-12-01

UBA type

R11265U-100

300 to 650

35

105

13.5

110

900

126

1.3 × 105

1.2 × 106

2

20

1.3

5.8

0.27

1000

0.1

20

60

MC / 12

E678-19K

SBA type

R11265U-200

300 to 650

43

135

15.5

130

900

162

1.6 × 105

1.2 × 106

2

20

1.3

5.8

0.27

1000

0.1

20

60

MC / 12

E678-19K

UBA type

R11265U-300

300 to 700

39

160

14

125

900

192

1.5 × 105

1.2 × 106

2

20

1.3

5.8

0.27

1000

0.1

20

60

MC / 12

E678-19K

EGBA type

 

Fine mesh photomultipliers

Tube
diameter

Type
No.

Spectral
response
range
(nm)

Cathode characteristics

Anode characteristics

Max. ratings

Typical
pulse
height
resolution
(%)

Stability

Pulse linearity

Remarks

Note

Q.E.
at peak
Typ.
(%)

Luminous
Typ.
(µA/lm)

Blue
sensitivity
index
(CS 5-58)
Typ.

Radiant
Typ.
(mA/W)

Anode to
cathode
supply
voltage
(V)

Luminous
Typ.
(A/lm)

Radiant
Typ.
(A/W)

Gain
Typ.

Dark Current

Time response

Anode
to
cathode
voltage
(V)

Average
anode
current
(mA)

Long
term
Typ.
(%)

Short
term
Typ.
(%)

2%
deviation
Typ.
(mA)

5%
deviation
Typ.
(mA)

Dynode
structure
/ stage

Socket
&
socket
assembly

Typ.
(nA)

Max.
(nA)

Rise
time
Typ.
(ns)

Transit
time
Typ.
(ns)

T.T.S.
Typ.
(FWHM)
(ns)

25 mm
(1")

R5505-70

300 to 650

23

80

9.5

76

2000

40

3.8 × 104

5.0 × 105

5

30

1.5

5.6

0.35

2300

0.01

9.5

2

2

180

250

FM / 15

E678-17D

For +HV operation

39 mm
(1.5")

R7761-70

300 to 650

23

80

9.5

76

2000

800

7.6 × 105

1.0 × 107

15

100

2.1

7.5

0.35

2300

0.01

9.5

2

2

320

450

FM / 19

For +HV operation

51 mm
(2")

R5924-70

300 to 650

22

70

9

72

2000

700

7.2 × 105

1.0 × 107

30

200

2.5

9.5

0.44

2300

0.1

9.5

2

2

500

700

FM / 19

For +HV operation

 

Square, Rectangular shape photomultipliers

Tube
diameter

Type
No.

Spectral
response
range
(nm)

Cathode characteristics

Anode characteristics

Max. ratings

Typical
pulse
height
resolution
(%)

Stability

Pulse linearity

Remarks

Note

Q.E.
at peak
Typ.
(%)

Luminous
Typ.
(µA/lm)

Blue
sensitivity
index
(CS 5-58)
Typ.

Radiant
Typ.
(mA/W)

Anode to
cathode
supply
voltage
(V)

Luminous
Typ.
(A/lm)

Radiant
Typ.
(A/W)

Gain
Typ.

Dark Current

Time response

Anode
to
cathode
voltage
(V)

Average
anode
current
(mA)

Long
term
Typ.
(%)

Short
term
Typ.
(%)

2%
deviation
Typ.
(mA)

5%
deviation
Typ.
(mA)

Dynode
structure
/ stage

Socket
&
socket
assembly

Typ.
(nA)

Max.
(nA)

Rise
time
Typ.
(ns)

Transit
time
Typ.
(ns)

T.T.S.
Typ.
(FWHM)
(ns)

10 mm
(3/8")

R2248

300 to 650

25

100

10

80

1250

100

8.0 × 104

1.0 × 106

1

50

0.9

9

0.6

1500

0.03

23 / BGO

1

2

3

7

LINE / 8

E678-11N

 

60 mm

R6236

300 to 650

28

110

11.5

95

1000

30

2.6 × 104

2.7 × 105

2

20

9.5

52

8.5

1500

0.1

6.3 (8.5)

0.5

0.5

5

10

B+L / 8

E678-14W

Semiflexible lead type (R6236-01) is available

76 mm
(3")

R6237

300 to 650

28

110

11.5

95

1000

30

2.6 × 104

2.7 × 105

2

20

9.5

52

8.5

1500

0.1

6.3 (8.5)

0.5

0.5

5

10

B+L / 8

E678-14W

Semiflexible lead type (R6237-01) is available

25 mm
(1")

R1548-07

300 to 650

23

80

9.5

76

1250

200

1.9 × 105

2.5 × 106

20

250

1.8

20

1

1750

0.1

20 / BGO

1

2

10

15

LINE / 10

E678-17D

Dual (2) channel

38 mm
(1-1/2")

R8997

300 to 650

23

80

9.5

76

1250

100

9.9 × 104

1.2 × 106

10

200

5

25

2.8

1600

0.1

16 / BGO

2

2

4

10

L+VB / 10

E678-20B

Quadrant (4) channel

R10550

300 to 650

25

80

10

80

1300

100

1.0 × 105

1.3 × 106

10

100

1.3

12

0.6

1600

0.1

10

30

LINE / 8

E678-20B

Quadrant (4) channel

 

Hexagonal shape photomultipliers

Tube
diameter

Type
No.

Spectral
response
range
(nm)

Cathode characteristics

Anode characteristics

Max. ratings

Typical
pulse
height
resolution
(%)

Stability

Pulse linearity

Remarks

Note

Q.E.
at peak
Typ.
(%)

Luminous
Typ.
(µA/lm)

Blue
sensitivity
index
(CS 5-58)
Typ.

Radiant
Typ.
(mA/W)

Anode to
cathode
supply
voltage
(V)

Luminous
Typ.
(A/lm)

Radiant
Typ.
(A/W)

Gain
Typ.

Dark Current

Time response

Anode
to
cathode
voltage
(V)

Average
anode
current
(mA)

Long
term
Typ.
(%)

Short
term
Typ.
(%)

2%
deviation
Typ.
(mA)

5%
deviation
Typ.
(mA)

Dynode
structure
/ stage

Socket
&
socket
assembly

Typ.
(nA)

Max.
(nA)

Rise
time
Typ.
(ns)

Transit
time
Typ.
(ns)

T.T.S.
Typ.
(FWHM)
(ns)

60 mm

R6234

300 to 650

28

110

11.5

95

1000

30

2.6 × 104

2.7 × 105

2

20

9.5

52

8.5

1500

0.1

6.3
(8.5)

0.5

0.5

5

10

B+L / 8

E678-14W

Semiflexible lead type (R6234-01) is available

76 mm
(3")

R6235

300 to 650

28

110

11.5

95

1000

30

2.6 × 104

2.7 × 105

2

20

9.5

52

8.5

1500

0.1

6.3
(8.5)

0.5

0.5

5

10

B+L / 8

E678-14W

Semiflexible lead type (R6235-01) is available

 

2π shape photomultipliers

Tube
diameter

Type
No.

Spectral
response
range
(nm)

Cathode characteristics

Anode characteristics

Max. ratings

Typical
pulse
height
resolution
(%)

Stability

Pulse linearity

Remarks

Note

Q.E.
at peak
Typ.
(%)

Luminous
Typ.
(µA/lm)

Blue
sensitivity
index
(CS 5-58)
Typ.

Radiant
Typ.
(mA/W)

Anode to
cathode
supply
voltage
(V)

Luminous
Typ.
(A/lm)

Radiant
Typ.
(A/W)

Gain
Typ.

Dark Current

Time response

Anode
to
cathode
voltage
(V)

Average
anode
current
(mA)

Long
term
Typ.
(%)

Short
term
Typ.
(%)

2%
deviation
Typ.
(mA)

5%
deviation
Typ.
(mA)

Dynode
structure
/ stage

Socket
&
socket
assembly

Typ.
(nA)

Max.
(nA)

Rise
time
Typ.
(ns)

Transit
time
Typ.
(ns)

T.T.S.
Typ.
(FWHM)
(ns)

25 mm
(1")

R7373A-01

300 to 650

26

90

10.5

85

1000

100

9.4 × 104

1.1 × 106

3

20

2

19

1.1

1250

0.1

7.8

1

2

15

30

LINE / 10

E678-12A

 

28 mm
(1-1/8")

R8143

300 to 650

26

90

10.5

85

1000

200

1.8 × 105

2.2 × 106

2

10

25

72

1250

0.1

8

1

2

0.2

0.5

BOX / 11

E678-14C

 

 

Photomultiplier tubes assemblies

Tube
diameter

Type
No.

Spectral
response
range
(nm)

Cathode characteristics

Anode characteristics

Max. ratings

Typical
pulse
height
resolution
(%)

Stability

Pulse linearity

Remarks

Note

Q.E.
at peak
Typ.
(%)

Luminous
Typ.
(µA/lm)

Blue
sensitivity
index
(CS 5-58)
Typ.

Radiant
Typ.
(mA/W)

Anode to
cathode
supply
voltage
(V)

Luminous
Typ.
(A/lm)

Radiant
Typ.
(A/W)

Gain
Typ.

Dark Current

Time response

Anode
to
cathode
voltage
(V)

Average
anode
current
(mA)

Long
term
Typ.
(%)

Short
term
Typ.
(%)

2%
deviation
Typ.
(mA)

5%
deviation
Typ.
(mA)

Dynode
structure
/ stage

Built-in PMT
(Type No. for referring)

Typ.
(nA)

Max.
(nA)

Rise
time
Typ.
(ns)

Transit
time
Typ.
(ns)

T.T.S.
Typ.
(FWHM)
(ns)

30 mm
square type

H8711

300 to 650

24

80

9.5

80

-800

280

2.8 × 105

3.5 × 106

0.8/ch

4/ch

0.83

12

0.33

-1000

0.017

0.5/ch

1/ch

MC / 12

R7600-00-M16

 

H8711-100

300 to 650

35

105

13.5

110

-800

210

2.2 × 105

2.0 × 106

0.8/ch

4/ch

0.83

12

0.33

-1000

0.017

0.5/ch

1/ch

MC / 12

R7600-100-M16

SBA type

H8711-200

300 to 650

43

135

15.5

130

-800

270

2.6 × 105

2.0 × 106

0.8/ch

4/ch

0.83

12

0.33

-1000

0.017

0.5/ch

1/ch

MC / 12

R7600-200-M16

UBA type

H8711-300

300 to 700

39

160

14

125

-800

400

3.1 × 105

2.5 × 106

0.8/ch

4/ch

0.83

12

0.33

-1000

0.017

0.5/ch

1/ch

MC / 12

R7600-300-M16

EGBA type

H7546B

300 to 650

24

80

9.5

80

-800

50

4.8 × 104

6.0 × 105

0.2/ch

2/ch

1

12

0.38

-1000

0.023

0.3/ch

0.6/ch

MC / 12

R7600-00-M64

 

H7546B-100

300 to 650

35

105

13.5

110

-800

53

5.5 × 104

5.0 × 105

0.2/ch

2/ch

1

12

0.38

-1000

0.023

0.3/ch

0.6/ch

MC / 12

R7600-100-M64

SBA type

H7546B-200

300 to 650

43

135

15.5

130

-800

68

6.5 × 104

5.0 × 105

0.2/ch

2/ch

1

12

0.38

-1000

0.023

0.3/ch

0.6/ch

MC / 12

R7600-200-M64

UBA type

H7546B-300

300 to 700

39

160

14

125

-800

80

6.2 × 104

5.0 × 105

0.2/ch

2/ch

1

12

0.38

-1000

0.023

0.3/ch

0.6/ch

MC / 12

R7600-300-M64

EGBA type

H8804

300 to 650

24

80

9.5

80

-800

50

5.0 × 104

6.0 × 105

0.2/ch

2/ch

1

12

0.38

-1000

0.023

0.3/ch

0.6/ch

MC / 12

R7600-00-M64

 

H8804-100

300 to 650

35

105

13.5

110

-800

53

5.5 × 104

5.0 × 105

0.2/ch

2/ch

1

12

0.38

-1000

0.023

0.3/ch

0.6/ch

MC / 12

R7600-100-M64

SBA type

H8804-200

300 to 650

43

135

15.5

130

-800

68

6.5 × 104

5.0 × 105

0.2/ch

2/ch

1

12

0.38

-1000

0.023

0.3/ch

0.6/ch

MC / 12

R7600-200-M64

UBA type

H8804-300

300 to 650

39

160

14

125

-800

80

6.2 × 104

5.0 × 105

0.2/ch

2/ch

1

12

0.38

-1000

0.023

0.3/ch

0.6/ch

MC / 12

R7600-300-M64

EGBA type

H11934-100

300 to 650

35

105

13.5

110

-900

126

1.3 × 105

1.2 × 106

2

20

1.3

5.8

0.27

-1000

0.018

20

60

MC / 12

R11265-100

SBA type

H11934-200

300 to 650

43

135

15.5

130

-900

162

1.6 × 105

1.2 × 106

2

20

1.3

5.8

0.27

-1000

0.018

7.4 / 3.1

20

60

MC / 12

R11265-200

UBA type

H11934-300

300 to 700

39

160

14

130

-900

192

1.5 × 105

1.2 × 106

2

20

1.3

5.8

0.27

-1000

0.018

20

60

MC / 12

R11265-300

EGBA type

H13226A-100

300 to 650

35

105

13.5

110

-1000

105

1.1 × 105

1.0 × 106

1/ch

4/ch

1.1

5.3

0.39

-1100

0.018

4/ch

7/ch

MC / 12

R11265-100-M4

SBA type

H13226A-200

300 to 650

43

135

15.5

130

-1000

135

1.3 × 105

1.0 × 106

1/ch

4/ch

1.1

5.3

0.39

-1100

0.018

4/ch

7/ch

MC / 12

R11265-200-M4

UBA type

H12445-100

300 to 650

35

105

13.5

110

-1000

105

1.1 × 105

1.0 × 106

0.4/ch

4/ch

0.52

5

0.34

-1100

0.018

0.8/ch

2/ch

MC / 12

R11265-100-M16

SBA type

H12445-200

300 to 650

43

135

15.5

130

-1000

135

1.3 × 105

1.0 × 106

0.4/ch

4/ch

0.52

5

0.34

-1100

0.018

0.8/ch

2/ch

MC / 12

R11265-200-M16

UBA type

H12428-100

300 to 650

35

105

13.5

110

-1000

105

1.1 × 105

1.0 × 106

0.4/ch

4/ch

0.6

5.1

0.35

-1100

0.018

0.2/ch

0.4/ch

MC / 12

R11265-100-M64

SBA type

H12428-200

300 to 650

43

135

15.5

130

-1000

135

1.3 × 105

1.0 × 106

0.4/ch

4/ch

0.6

5.1

0.35

-1100

0.018

0.2/ch

0.4/ch

MC / 12

R11265-200-M64

UBA type

H10515B-100

300 to 650

35

105

13.5

110

-800

105

1.1 × 105

1.0 × 106

0.2/ch

2/ch

0.6

7.4

0.18

-900

0.1

0.8/ch

1.2/ch

MC / 10

R5900-100-L16

SBA type

H10515B-200

300 to 650

43

135

15.5

130

-800

135

1.3 × 105

1.0 × 106

0.2/ch

2/ch

0.6

7.4

0.18

-900

0.1

0.8/ch

1.2/ch

MC / 10

R5900-200-L16

UBA type

51 mm
square type

H12700A

300 to 650

32

95

12

100

-1000

142

1.5 × 105

1.5 × 106

0.1/ch

0.52

4.9

0.35

-1100

0.1

1/ch

MC / 10

R12699-00-M64

UV types (H12700A-03)

H12700A-10

300 to 650

32

95

12

100

-1000

38

4.0 × 104

4.0 × 105

0.1/ch

0.52

4.9

0.35

-1100

0.1

3/ch

MC / 10

R12699-00-M64

Tapered divider type

H12700B

300 to 650

32

95

12

100

-1000

142

1.5 × 105

1.5 × 106

0.1/ch

0.52

4.9

0.35

-1100

0.1

1/ch

MC / 10

R12699-00-M64

UV types (H12700A-03)

H12700B-10

300 to 650

32

95

12

100

-1000

38

4.0 × 104

4.0 × 105

0.1/ch

0.52

4.9

0.35

-1100

0.1

3/ch

MC / 10

R12699-00-M64

Tapered divider type

H13700

300 to 650

29

75

12

90

-1000

110

1.4 × 105

1.5 × 106

0.02/ch

0.45

5.2

0.38

-1100

0.1

0.15/ch

MC / 10

R12699-00-M256

UV types (H13700A-03)

106  mm
square type

H13974-00-1616

300 to 650

32

95

12

100

-1000

142

1.5 × 105

1.5 × 106

0.1/ch

0.52

4.9

0.35

-1100

0.1

1/ch

MC / 10

R12699-00-M64

2×2 PMT array, UV type (H13974-03-1616)

Rectangle type

H7260

300 to 650

21

70

8.5

72

-800

140

1.4 × 105

2.0 × 106

0.2/ch

2/ch

0.6

6.8

0.18

-900

0.1

0.6/ch

0.8/ch

MC / 10

R7259

 

H7260-100

300 to 650

35

105

13.5

110

-800

210

2.2 × 105

2.0 × 106

0.2/ch

2/ch

0.6

6.8

0.18

-900

0.1

0.6/ch

0.8/ch

MC / 10

R7259-100

SBA type

H7260-200

300 to 650

43

135

15.5

130

-800

270

2.6 × 105

2.0 × 106

0.2/ch

2/ch

0.6

6.8

0.18

-900

0.1

0.6/ch

0.8/ch

MC / 10

R7259-200

UBA type

 

Tube
diameter

Type
No.

Spectral
response
range
(nm)

Cathode characteristics

Anode characteristics

Max. ratings

Typical
pulse
height
resolution
(%)

Stability

Pulse linearity

Remarks

Note

Q.E.
at peak
Typ.
(%)

Luminous
Typ.
(µA/lm)

Blue
sensitivity
index
(CS 5-58)
Typ.

Radiant
Typ.
(mA/W)

Anode to
cathode
supply
voltage
(V)

Luminous
Typ.
(A/lm)

Radiant
Typ.
(A/W)

Gain
Typ.

Dark Current

Time response

Anode
to
cathode
voltage
(V)

Average
anode
current
(mA)

Long
term
Typ.
(%)

Short
term
Typ.
(%)

2%
deviation
Typ.
(mA)

5%
deviation
Typ.
(mA)

Dynode
structure
/ stage

Built-in PMT
(Type No. for referring)

Typ.
(nA)

Max.
(nA)

Rise
time
Typ.
(ns)

Transit
time
Typ.
(ns)

T.T.S.
Typ.
(FWHM)
(ns)

10 mm
(3/8")

H3164-10

300 to 650

25

100

10

80

-1250

100

8.0 × 104

1.0 × 106

1

50

0.8

9

0.5

-1500

0.03

23/BGO

1

2

3

7

LINE / 8

R1635

 

H3695-10

160 to 650

25

100

10

80

-1250

100

8.0 × 104

1.0 × 106

2

50

0.7

9

0.5

-1500

0.03

23/BGO

1

2

3

7

LINE / 8

R2496

 

13 mm
(1/2")

H3165-10

300 to 650

25

110

10

80

-1000

150

1.1 × 105

1.4 × 106

1

2

2.1

22

2

-1250

0.1

7.8

1

2

3

7

LINE / 10

R647-01

 

H12690

300 to 650

25

110

10

80

-1000

220

1.6 × 105

2.0 × 106

0.5

2

1.2

14

1.4

-1250

0.1

3

12

LINE / 10

R12421

 

H12690-300

300 to 700

31

160

14

105

-1000

320

2.1 × 105

2.0 × 106

1

5

1.2

14

1.4

-1250

0.1

3

12

LINE / 10

R12421-300

EGBA type

19 mm
(3/4")

H6520

300 to 650

26

110

10.5

85

-1000

110

8.5 × 104

1.0 × 106

1

5

2.5

27

2.8

-1250

0.1

7.8

1

2

4

7

LINE / 10

R1166

 

H6524

300 to 650

27

115

11

88

-1500

200

1.5 × 105

1.7 × 106

3

50

1.8

19

0.76

-1800

0.1

7.8

1

2

4

8

LINE / 10

R1450

 

H6612

300 to 650

27

115

11

88

-1700

200

1.5 × 105

1.7 × 106

10

300

1.3

14

0.36

-1800

0.1

7.8

1

2

4

8

LINE / 8

R3478

 

H6613

160 to 650

27

115

11

88

-1700

120

8.6 × 104

1.0 × 106

10

300

1.3

14

0.36

-1800

0.1

7.8

1

2

4

8

LINE / 8

R2076

 

H8135

300 to 650

26

90

10.5

85

-1000

50

4.7 × 104

5.5 × 105

3

20

1.3

12

0.8

-1250

0.1

8

1

2

10

20

C+L/10

R5611A

 

25 mm
(1")

H6533

300 to 650

23

80

9.5

76

-2250

400

3.8 × 105

5.0 × 106

10

200

0.7

10

0.16

-2500

0.1

8

1

2

40

70

LINE / 10

R4998

Silica type H6610 (R5320)

H6152-70

300 to 650

23

80

9.5

76

2000

40

3.8 × 104

5.0 × 105

5

30

1.5

5.6

0.35

2300

0.01

9.5

2

2

180

250

FM/15

R5505-70

For +HV operation

H8643

300 to 650

27

95

11

88

-1500

160

1.5 × 105

1.7 × 106

2

20

1.6

16

0.7

-1800

0.1

7.8

1

2

100

150

LINE / 10

R7899-01

 

H10580

300 to 650

27

95

11

88

-1300

100

9.3 × 104

1.1 × 106

5

50

1

11

0.27

-1500

0.1

7.8

1

2

30

50

LINE / 8

R9800

 

28 mm
(1-1/8")

H7415

300 to 650

27

100

11

88

-1500

500

4.4 × 105

5.0 × 106

10

200

1.7

16

0.5

-2000

0.2

7.8

1

2

10

30

LINE / 10

R6427

Silica type H7416 (R7056)

38 mm
(1-1/2")

H3178-51

300 to 650

27

95

11

88

-1500

75

7.0 × 104

7.9 × 105

2

15

2.7

40

4.5

-1750

0.1

7.7

1

1

150

200

LINE / 10

R580

 

H8409-70

300 to 650

23

80

9.5

76

2000

800

7.6 × 105

1.0 × 107

15

100

2.1

7.5

0.35

2300

0.01

9.5

2

2

320

450

FM/19

R7761-70

For +HV operation

51 mm
(2")

H6410

300 to 650

26

90

10.5

85

-2000

270

2.5 × 105

3.0 × 106

10

100

2.7

40

1.1

-2700

0.2

7.6

1

1

100

200

LINE / 12

R329-02

UV type H6522 (R5115-02) Silica type H6521 (R2256-02)

H7195

300 to 650

26

90

10.5

85

-2000

270

2.5 × 105

3.0 × 106

10

100

2.7

40

1.1

-2700

0.2

7.6

1

1

80

110

LINE / 12

R329-02

 

H1949-50

300 to 650

26

90

10.5

85

-2500

1800

1.7 × 106

2.0 × 107

50

400

1.3

28

0.55

-3000

0.2

7.8

1

1

100

200

LINE / 12

R1828-01

UV type H4022-50 (R4004) Silica type H3177-50 (R2059)

H1949-51

300 to 650

26

90

10.5

85

-2500

1800

1.7 × 106

2.0 × 107

50

400

1.3

28

0.55

-3000

0.2

7.8

1

1

100

200

LINE / 12

R1828-01

UV type H4022-51 (R4004) Silica type H3177-51 (R2059)

H2431-50

300 to 650

25

80

10

80

-3000

200

2.0 × 105

2.5 × 106

100

800

0.8

16

0.37

-3500

0.2

7.8

1

2

100

150

LINE / 8

R2083

Silica type H3378-50 (R3377)

H6614-70

300 to 650

22

70

9

72

2000

700

7.2 × 105

1.0 × 106

30

200

2.5

9.5

0.44

2300

0.1

9.5

2

2

500

700

FM/19

R5924-70

For +HV operation

76 mm
(3")

H6559

300 to 650

26

90

10.5

85

-2000

900

8.5 × 105

1.0 × 107

30

120

2.7

40

1.5

-2500

0.2

7.8

1

1

100

200

LINE / 12

R6091

 

127 mm
(5")

H6527

300 to 650

22

70

9

72

-3000

1000

1.0 × 106

1.4 × 107

50

300

2.5

54

1.2

-3000

0.2

8.3

1

1

100

150

LINE / 14

R1250

 

 

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